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At high frequencies, PCB conductors can no longer be consider as simple 'piece of wire'. It is vital to control the caracteristic impedance accurately to insure correct circuit operation. The faster operation speed of today's demand on PCBs with specific controlled impededance.

 
 

Figure 1 and 2 illustrate the types of transmission line structure to be used in contrlled impedance PCBs. From these equipments you can see the many factors that affect impedance value:


1) Conductor width and thickness
2) Dielectric thickness between transmission line and reference planes
3) Types of transmission lines
4) Dielectric constant of insulating materials